天津体育学院学报

随着全民健身运动的开展,公共体育设施开放率显著提升。伴随而来的是,公共体育设施由于设置或维护不当而造成使用人损害的案件频发。面对这一现状,在现行法律制度框架下,寻求合理合法的损害弥补途径,一方面有助于保护公众参与群众体育活动的合法权益;另一方面,也为全民健身运动开展提供良好的法治环境。通过研究涉及公共体育设施致害的案件判决、相关法理解说,结合公共体育设施的公共用公物的法律属性,考察了适用《侵权责任法》第85、86条存在的问题,建议适用违反安全保障义务责任的私法途径获得损害赔偿。通过分析2种不同责任形式之间的共同点,认为两者实质上是特殊规范与一般规范的关系。另外,梳理了相关案例的法律适用中出现的安全保障义务标准确定、补充责任适用以及责任减免事由判定的法律风险,并有针对性地提供了防范对策。展望未来的制度完善,建议随着国家赔偿制度的改进和发展,将公共体育设施致害纳入国家赔偿的适用范围。既符合域外国家赔偿责任的一般做法,也符合将承担公共服务职能纳入行政权力行使范围的趋势。更重要的是,明确了国家、公共体育设施的设置者、管理者及利用人之间的法律关系。

IWith the development of National Fitness Project and the opening rate of public sport facilities increased. Meanwhile, the occurrence of damagescaused by impropriate installed or managed sports facilities are gradually on the rise. Under the statutes and legal mechanism in action,the pursuit of lawful andthorough redemption to those damages contributes to the sound and efficient protection to legitimate civil rights of public sports participants,and also to incubatethe favorable legal protection for carrying out this Project. Via the exhaustive case analysis and comparative study on jurisprudent bibliography,concentrated onthe characteristics of public goods of public sports facilities,this thesis concluded this type of damages should be defined as violation against the safety insur-ance duty,which could be interpreted as a general norm governing the articles 85 and 86 in Torts Law,which manifest impotence when regulating the damagescaused by pubic sports facilities,by disclosure of the similarities between the both,and suggested to deploy modest legal countermeasures against those legalrisks common in lawsuits on the occurrence of jurisprudential loopholes,such as criterion setting on the judgment of safety insurance duty,the implication of thesupplementary liability and the interpretation on the exemption reasons of the liability etc. In further,authors proposed those damages caused by public sportsfacilities would be promptly relieved in the schema of state compensation,as such to conform with the tendency of legislations abroad and scope enlargement ofpublic power into the supply of public services,and also to arrange neatly the relationships among country,facility constructors and commissioners,and facilityusers.