| 492 | 6 | 244 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
运动员的视觉注意策略是国内外运动心理学研究者关注的热点之一,静止眼动(quiet eye)作为视觉注视策略中的一种特殊行为更是备受关注。静止眼动(quiet eye,QE)是指,动作执行者在动作发起前对一个特定位置的长时间持续的注视。大部分对瞄准性任务和截击性任务的研究发现,长时间的静止眼动期有利于提升运动员动作表现,专家的静止眼动持续时间显著长于次专家和新手,并且命中或拦截成功时的静止眼动时间显著长于没有命中或拦截不成功时的静止眼动时间。从静止眼动和动作表现之间的关系入手,首先简要分析静止眼动和动作表现关系的相关结果,然后以近期国外研究结果为证据,对静止眼动影响动作表现的心理学机制(动作准备观、注意控制观、注意焦点观、抑制假说、挑战-威胁的生物心理模型)进行详细分析,并基于相关研究结果提出静止眼动和动作表现关系的焦虑控制观点。同时,对未来静止眼动和动作表现关系的研究趋向进行展望,为国内静止眼动和动作表现关系的实验室研究提供一定的理论指导,同时基于理论研究结果为静止眼动的运动实践训练提供一定指导和帮助。
Abstract：Visual attentional strategy of athletes is a key topic in sport psychology research at home and abroad,especially the quiet eye a special visual be-havior that attracted more concern of sport psychologist. Many studies aimed on target and interceptive tasks have found that longer quiet eye time is benefi-cial to excellent performance,and the quiet eye of experts is longer than novice and sub-expert,at the same time the quiet eye of successful hitting and inter-cepting is longer than that of not hitting and intercepting. This essay analyzed the psychological mechanisms(motor programming hypothesis,attentional con-trol,attentional focus,inhibition hypothesis,biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat)of the relationship between quiet eye and motor performance im-portantly based on recent researches,and also offer a new perspective of understanding the relationship between quiet eye and motor performance. Moreover,the summary of this essay is given and the future direction of the research is presented. We hope to provide theoretical guidance on both lab studies and quieteye training in sports psychological practice for Chinese researchers.
[1]SCHMIDT R A,WRISBERG C A.Motor learning and performance-a situational-based learning approach[M].4th ed.Champaign,IL:Human Kinetics,2008.
[2]WULF G.Attentional focus and motor learning:A review of 15 years[J].International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2013,6:77-104.
[3]MANN D T Y,WILLIAMS A M,WARD P,et al.Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport:a meta-analysis[J].Journal o f Sport&Exercise Psychology,2007,29:457-478.
[4]VICKERS J N.Visual control when aiming at a far target[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology.Human Perception and Performance,1996,22(2):342-54.
[5]VICKERSJ N.Perception,Cognition and Decision Training[M].Illinois:Human Kinetics,2007.
[6]RIENHOFF R,FISCHER L,STRAUSS B,et al.Focus of attention influences quiet-eye behavior:An exploratory investigation of different skill levels in female basketball players[J].Sport,Exercise,and Performance Psychology,2015,4(1):62-74.
[7]RIENHOFF R,HOPWOOD M J,FISCHER L,et al.Transfer of motor and perceptual skills from basketball to darts[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2013,4:1-7.
[8]FULTON T,ERTZ J,ROHLER A,et al.The effects of a visual distraction on quiet eye duration and putting performance of collegiate golfers[J].International Journal of Golf Science,2014,3:26-34.
[9]MANN D T Y,COOMBES S A,MOUSSEAU M B,et al.Quiet eye and the bereitschafts potential:Visuomotor mechanisms of expert motor performance[J].Cognitive Processing,2011,12(3):223-234.
[10]WALTERS-SYMONS R,WILSON M R,KLOSTERMANN A,et al.The quiet eye and tasks demands:Do tougher shots need a quieter eye[C].In Proceedings of the19th annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science,2014.
[11]KLOSTERMANN A,KREDEL R,HOSSNER E J.On the interaction of attentional focus and gaze:The quiet eye inhibits focus-related performance decrements[J].Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2014,36(4):392-400.
[12]VINE S J,DON L,MOORE L J,et al.Quiet eye and choking:online control breaks down at the point of performance failure[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2013,45:1988-1994.
[13]CAUSER J,BENNETT S J,HOLMES P S,et al.Quiet eye duration and gun motion in elite shotgun shooting[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2010,42(8):1599-1608.
[14]JANELLE C M,HOLLAMN C H,APPARIES R J,et al.Expertise differences in cortical activation and gaze behavior during rifle shooting[J].Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2000,22(2):167-182.
[15]NIBBELING N,OUDEJANS R R D,DAANEN H A M.Effects of anxiety,a cognitive secondary task,and expertise on gaze behavior and performance in a far aiming task[J].Psychology of Sport and Exercise,2012,13(4):427-435.
[16]RIENHOFF R,BAKER J,FISCHER L,et al.Field of vision influences sensory-motor control of skilled and less-skilled dart players[J].Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,2012,11(3):542-550.
[17]RODRIGUES S T,VICKERS J N,EDWORTHY G.Quiet eye and accuracy in the dart throw[J].International Journal of Sports Vision,2000,6(1):30-36.
[18]NAGANO T,KATO T.Visual behaviors of soccer players while kicking with the inside of the foot[J].Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2007,29(SS):S112.
[19]PIRAS A,VICKERS J N.The effect of fixation transitions on quiet eye duration and performance in the soccer penalty kick:instep versus inside kicks[J].Cognitive Processing,2011,12(3):245-255.
[20]MARTELL S G,VICKERS J N.Gaze characteristics of elite and nearelite athletes in ice hockey defensive tactics[J].Human Movement Science,2004,22(6):689-712.
[21]PANCHUK D,VICKERS J N.Gaze behaviors of goaltenders under spatial–temporal constraints[J].Human Movement Science,2006,25(6):33-752.
[22]WILLIAMS A M,SINGER R N,FREHLICH S G.Quiet eye duration,expertise,and task complexity in near and far aiming tasks[J].Journal of Motor Behavior,2002,34(2):197-207.
[23]WULF G,MCNEVIN N H,FUCHS T,et al.Attentional focus in complex skill learning[J].Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2000,71(3):229-239.
[24]VINE S J,MOORE L J,WILSON M R.Quiet eye training:The acquisition,refinement and resilient performance of targeting skills[J].European Journal of Sport Science,2014,14(sup1):S235-S242.
[25]WILSON M R,CAUSER J,VICKERS J N.The quiet eye as a characteristic of expertise.In J.Baker&D.Farrow(Eds.),Routledge handbook of sport expertise[M].New York:Routledge,2015.
[26]KLOSTERMANN A.Final fixations,motor performance and an inhibition hypothesis:Mechanisms of the“Quiet Eye”[J].Sportwissenschaft,2014,44:49-59.
[27]BEHAN M,WILSON M R.State anxiety and visual attention:The role of the quiet eye period in aiming to a far target[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2008,26(2):207-215.
[28]CAUSER J,HOLMES P S,SMITH N C,et al.Anxiety,movement kinematics,and visual attention in elite-level performers[J].Emotion,2011,11(3):595-602.
[29]VINE S J,WILSON M R.The influence of quiet eye training and pressure on attention and visuo-motor control[J].Acta Psychologica,2011,136(3):340-346.
[30]WILSON M R,VINE S J,WOOD G.The influence of anxiety on visual attentional control in basketball free throw shooting[J].Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2009,31(2):152-168.
[31]VICKERS J N,WILLIAMS A M.Performing under pressure:the effects of physiological arousal,cognitive anxiety,and gaze control in biathlon[J].Journal of Motor Behavior,2007,39(5):381-394.
[32]KLOSTERMANN A,KREDEL R,HOSSNER E J.The“quiet eye”and motor performance:Task demands matter[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,2013,39(5):1270-1278.
[33]HORN R R,OKUMURA M S,ALEXANDER M G F,et al.Quiet eye duration is responsive to variability of practice and to the axis of target changes[J].Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2012,83(2):204-211.
[34]CHIA S J,CHOW J Y,KAWABATA M,et al.An exploratory analysis of variations in quiet eye duration within and between levels of expertise[J].International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2016(in press).
[35]MOORE L J,VINE S J,COOKE A,et al.Quiet eye training expedites motor learning and aids performance under heightened anxiety:The roles of response programming and external attention[J].Psychophysiology,2012,49(7):1005-1015.
[36]GONZALEZ C C,CAUSER J,MIALL R C,et al.Identifying the causal mechanisms of the quiet eye[J].European Journal of Sport Science,2015:1-11.
[37]VINE S J,MOORE L J,COOKE A,et al.Quiet eye training:A means to implicit motor learning[J].International Journal of Sport Psychology,2013,44(4):1-20.
[38]HENRY F M,ROGERS D E.Increased response latency for complicated movements and a“memory drum”theory of neuromotor reaction[J].Research Quarterly of the American Association for Health,Physical Education,&Recreation,1960,31:448-458.
[39]CORBETTA M,PATEL G,SHULMAN G L.The reorienting system of the human brain:from environment to theory of mind[J].Neuron,2008,58(3):306-324.
[40]CORBETTA M,SHULMAN G L.Control of goal-directed and stimulusdriven attention in the brain[J].Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2002,3(3):215-229.
[41]VINE S J,MOORE L J,WILSON M R.Quiet eye training facilitates competitive putting performance in elite golfers[J].Frontiers in Psychology,2010,2(6):97-117.
[42]WOOD G,WILSON M R.Quiet-eye training for soccer penalty kicks[J].Cognitive Processing,2011,12(3):257-266.
[43]ZARGHAMI M,SAEMI E,FATHI I.External focus of attention enhances discus throwing performance[J].Kinesiology,2012,44(1):47-51.
[44]PERREAULT M E,FRENCH K E.External-focus feedback benefits free-throw learning in children[J].Research Quarterly for Exercise&Sport,2015,86(4):1-6.
[45]ABDOLLAHIPOUR R,PSOTTA R,NIETO M P,et al.Effects of attentional focus instructions on the learning of a target task:a moderation role of visual feedback[J].Kinesiology,2014,46(46):210-217.
[46]MCKAY B,WULF G.A distal external focus enhances novice dart throwing performance[J].International Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2012,10(2):149-156.
[47]KEARNEY P E.A distal focus of attention leads to superior performance on a golf putting task[J].International Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2014,13(4):1-11.
[48]LOHSE K R.The influence of attention on learning and performance:Pre-movement time and accuracy in an isometric force production task[J].Human Movement Science,2012,31(1):12-25.
[49]WULF G,DUFEK J S,LOZANO L,et al.Increased jump height and reduced EMG activity with an external focus[J].Human Movement Science,2010,29(3):440-448.
[50]ZIV G,LIDOR R.Focusing attention instructions,accuracy,and quiet eye in a self-paced task-an exploratory study[J].International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2014,13(2):104-120.
[51]LIDIR R,ZIV G,TENENBAUM G.The effect of attention allocation instructions on self-paced task performance under quiet and distracted conditions[J].Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,2013,25(4):478-492.
[52]HODGES N J,FORD P.Skillful attending,looking and thinking[J].EJournal Bewegung und Training,2007,1:23-25.
[53]WILSON M R,WOOD G,VINE S J.Anxiety,attentional control,and performance impairment in penalty kicks[J].Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2009,31(6):761-775.
[54]EYSENCK M W,DERAKSHAN N,SSANTOS R,et al.Anxiety and cognitive performance:attentional control theory[J].Emotion,2007,7(2):336-53.
[55]JANELLE C M.Anxiety,arousal and visual attention:A mechanistic account of performance variability[J].Journal of Sports Sciences,2002,20(3):237-251.
[56]WOOD G,WILSON M R.Quiet-eye training,perceived control and performing under pressure[J].Psychology of Sport and Exercise,2012,13(6):721-728.
[57]MOORE L J,VINES J,FREEMAN P,et al.Quiet eye training promotes challenge appraisals and aids performance under elevated anxiety[J].International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2013,11(2):169-183.
[58]BLASCOVICH J.Challenge and threat.In A.J.Elliot(Ed.),Handbook of approach and avoidancemotivation[M].New York,NY:Psychology Press,2008.
[59]SEERY M D.Challenge or threat?Cardiovascular indexes of resilience and vulnerability to potential stress in humans[J].Neuroscience and Biobehavioural Reviews,2011,35(7):1603-1610.
[60]SEERY M D,WEISBUCH M,HETENYI M A,et al.Cardiovascular measures independently predict performance in a university course[J].Psychophysiology,2010,47(3):535-539.
[61]MOORE L J,VINE S J,WILSON M R,et al.The effect of challenge and threat states on performance:An examination of potential mechanisms[J].Psychophysiology,2012,49(10):1417-1425.
[62]QUESTED E,BOSCH J A,BURNS V E,et al.Basic psychological need satisfaction,stress-related appraisals,and dancer’s cortisol and anxiety responses[J].Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2011,33(6):828-846.
[63]WILLIAMS S E,CUMMING J,BALANOS G M.The use of imagery to manipulate challenge and threat appraisals in athletes[J].Journal of Sport&Exercise Psychology,2010,32(3):339-358.
[64]JONES M,MEIJEN C,MCCARTHY P J,et al.A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes[J].International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology,2009,2:161-180.
[65]NEUMANN O.Theories of attention[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception&Performance,1982,8(3):407-421.
基本信息:
DOI：10.13297/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.2016.03.006
中图分类号:G804.8
引用信息:
[1]杨勇涛,于淋,孙延林.静止眼动和动作表现关系的心理学机制[J].天津体育学院学报,2016,31(03):216-221.DOI:10.13297/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.2016.03.006.
基金信息:
天津市自然科学基金项目(项目编号:16JCQNJC14300);; 财政部基本科研业务费专项(基本16资助);; 天津市高等学校创新团队培养计划资助;; 天津市“131”创新型人才培养工程第三层次人选资助
2016-05-25
2016-05-25