天津体育学院学报

国际体育运动中对兴奋剂违禁运动员的查处与其基本人权的保障是密切相关的,尤其是查处兴奋剂违规事件的主要依据《世界反兴奋剂条例》(WADC)一直强调保障运动员基本权益的精神。以往WADC多次强调尊重人权,新修订的2015年版也强调尊重人权和国际法基本原则,包括比例原则的精神。但在保护疑似服用兴奋剂运动员的人权方面,首先必须明确的是,WADC具有公法和私法混合的性质,也具有习惯国际法的性质,各国政府及其国内的各种实体和个人,尤其是运动员和其他体育参加者都有遵守WADC规则的义务。尽管如此,除非有例外情况,人权法原则上不能适用于体育运动和反兴奋剂制裁。修改后的WADC多次强调尊重人权和比例原则,并在兴奋剂违规认定时的严格责任、处罚过程中的公平听证程序以及兴奋剂处罚机制等方面强化了对运动员人权和基本权益的保护。另外,国际体育仲裁院(CAS)在其兴奋剂争议裁决中也多次强调尊重人权和国际法基本原则,并多次引用国际人权公约的基本原则以保护运动员。鉴于国际体育运动中世界反兴奋剂机构的最高管理机构性质以及在其制定的WADC中规定CAS享有最高的管辖权,因此CAS是兴奋剂管理中的最高裁决机构,在保护兴奋剂违规运动员的基本人权方面,国际体育界还需要CAS的解释和密切合作。

The sanction against doping-related athletes in international sports is closely related to the basic human rights of them,especially the World An-ti-doping Code(WADC,the main document for anti-doping sanctions)stresses that the basic rights of athletes should be respected.The newly amendedWADC(2015)also emphasize to respect human rights and basic principles of international law,including the principle of proportionality.However,it shouldbe made clear firstly,WADC has the nature of combination of both public and private law,as well as customary international law.Each country and its domes-tic entities and individuals,especially the athletes and other sport persons,have the duty to comply with WADC regulations.However,human rights lawshould not be applied to sports and doping sanctions.Furthermore,the CAS and its arbitral awards also paid special attention to the respect of human rightsand basic principles of international law in doping-related cases,and often quoted human rights documents in its awards.In view of the supreme power ofWorld Anti-doping Agency in world doping administration and the supreme jurisdiction of CAS in anti-doping cases,the protection of the athletes' humanrights needs the cooperation of CAS and WADA.